EPA faces key decision on future of national PFAS drinking water limits

A major decision is approaching that could impact drinking water protections for millions of Americans, as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prepares to determine whether to uphold strict federal limits on PFAS — toxic "forever chemicals" linked to serious health issues, according to the Associated Press (AP).

The EPA's current rule, issued under the Biden administration, set drinking water limits for several PFAS chemicals at extremely low levels — as low as 4 parts per trillion for some — after research showed connections to cardiovascular disease, cancer and developmental risks. Water utilities across the country have challenged the rule in court, arguing that the standards are costly and difficult to meet, especially for smaller systems.

At issue now is whether the Trump administration, through the current EPA leadership under Administrator Lee Zeldin, will defend these limits or seek modifications. Zeldin, who has previously supported PFAS regulation but also prioritized easing regulatory burdens, has signaled that flexibility could be considered for communities just above the threshold.

According to AP, roughly 12% of U.S. water utilities have already tested above the EPA’s set limits. Some cities, like Avondale, Arizona, face significant costs to upgrade treatment systems, with estimates exceeding $120 million. Utility officials warn that loosening the rules could create confusion and leave local water providers stuck in the middle of health debates.

Industry groups, including the American Water Works Association, are pushing for the EPA to delay deadlines and reconsider the rule, citing affordability concerns and impacts to residents' water bills. Some want at least two more years to comply.

Meanwhile, advocates argue that weakening standards would undermine public health protections and ease pressure on polluters. “If the standards are relaxed, utilities won’t be pushed to treat PFAS as effectively,” said Emily Donovan of Clean Cape Fear, whose work helped raise awareness about PFAS contamination in North Carolina.

PFAS, used in industrial processes and consumer products for decades, have been tied to various health risks and are difficult to remove once they enter water supplies. While chemical manufacturers such as Chemours and 3M have scaled back production and discharges, concerns remain widespread.

The EPA is expected to formally notify a federal appeals court soon whether it will stand by the limits or seek changes, as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act. Any decision will have sweeping implications for utilities, local governments and residents across the country.

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